PROPERTIES OF STEAM CLASS NOTES FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES OF STEAM
CLASS NOTES FOR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Specific properties are per kg.
Examples are specific volume,
specific values of enthalpy, entropy,
internal energy and latent heat.
Symbol
Small alphabets represent specific properties.
Firstly specific volume =v
Secondly specific enthalpy = h
Thirdly specific entropy = s
Fourthly specific internal energy =u
Specific heat =cP
Reference temperature for the enthalpy and entropy of water is 00C.
Assumed Enthalpy of water is 0 (ZERO) at 00C.
Firstly specific heat of ice = 2.1 kJ/kg0C
Secondly specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg0C
Thirdly specific heat of steam vapor = 2.3 kJ/kg0C
Latent heat of ice = 335 kJ/kg
Latent heat of vaporization = 2257 kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy
- Therefore, enthalpy of 1 kg of ice at 00C becomes negative and is –335kJ/kg. The latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg
- Enthalpy of water at 0C = 0 kJ/kg
- Enthalpy of water say at 110C
=m cp dt = 1 x 4.18 x 11=45.98 kJ/kg
4.Enthalpy of water at 1000C
h= 1 x 4.18 x 100 = 418 kJ/kg
5. Enthalpy of water Vapor at 1000C and at
1 atm pressure
= 418 + LH
=418 + 2257 = 2675 kJ/kg
6. Enthalpy of water vapor, say, at 1190C at
1 atm pressure will be
h = 2675 + 1 Cp vapor dt
= 2675 + 1x 2.3x 19
= 2675 + 43.7= 2718.7 kJ/kg
Dryness Fraction Of Steam
Symbol of dryness fraction is ‘x’. It is the ratio of mass of vapor to total mass of vapor and liquid.
x = mass of vapor/(mass of vapor +mass of liquid)
Its value will lie between 0 and 1.
- For total liquid, dryness fraction is zero.
- When it is total vapor, dryness fraction is one.
- For some liquid and some vapor. Let its dryness fraction is ‘x’. Value of x is >0 and < 1.
- Enthalpy of wet steam
Wet steam with dryness fraction ‘x’
hx = (1—x)hf +x hv
Where hf is enthalpy of saturated water at its boiling point at a certain pressure
hv is the enthalpy of saturated vapor at its boiling point at a certain pressure
Specific Volume
(i) Specific volume of water= volume of 1 kg of water
= 0.001 m3/kg
(ii) Specific volume of wet steam vx =(1—x)vf + x vg
(iii) Find specific volume of super heated steam using Charles law
vsuper / Tsuper = vsat/Tsat
Specific Internal Energy
Internal energy of water of mass m, U = m cv dt
For 1 kg, u = 1 x cp x dt
Say at 100C, u = 1 x 4.18 x 10 = 41.8 kJ/kg
Internal energy of steam
u = h-p v
Specific Entropy
(i) Assume entropy of water as 0 at 00C.
(ii) Entropy of water say at 100C
s = cp ln(T/273)= 4.18 ln(283/273) kJ/kg 0C
(iii) Entropy change during phase change = sfg = hfg/Tsat
(iv) Entropy of wet steam sx = (1-x) sf + x sg
(v) Entropy of saturated steam s sat = sf + sfg = sv
(vi) Entropy of super heated steam = ssuper
s super= s v + c p vap ln(T super / T sat )
SPECIFIC ENTHALPY, ENTROPY AND VOLUME OF SATURATED LIQUID AND VAPOR ARE GIVEN IN STEAM TABLES & CHARTS.
STEAM TABLES
Steam tables and charts give only specific values of steam properties at saturated condition only. Properties given are specific volume, specific enthalpy and entropy for saturated liquid and saturated vapors.
STEAM CHARTS
There is another shorter way for analysis of systems. It is by the use of temperature entropy chart and enthalpy entropy chart (also called the Mollier Chart). The steam is the working substance as in steam engines, steam turbines and various space heating applications.
TEMPERATURE ENTROPY CHART
Refer to Fig. and concentrate on the following lines which are highly helpful in the analysis.
This chart is extremely helpful in the analysis. Following lines are present on the chart.
1. Outer boundary is a saturated vapor curve. Wet region is below the saturated. Super heated region is above the saturated.
2. Inclined straight lines are constant pressure lines in the wet and super heated regions
3. Vertical lines are constant entropy lines.
4. Horizontal lines are constant temperature lines.
5. Curved lines in the wet region are constant dryness fraction lines.
Application of properties of steam in Rankine Cycle
This Cycle uses steam as the working substance. Plot Rankine Cycle on the chart. Read properties from the chart. Use of steam tables consumes more time than charts. Steam tables give properties at some specific pressures and temperatures. Interpolate values at the required temperature and pressure.
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